Tracking of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in young shooters, Ituiutaba, MG

The aim of this study was to detect early hypertension, diabetes and obesity, as well as their risk factors, in 105 young shooters from Tiro de Guerra 11-002 in the city of Ituiutaba-MG. This is a cross-sectional mixed study. A semi-structured questionnaire that contained questions related to the sociodemographic context, health status, lifestyle, eating habits, and psychosocial variables was applied. Blood pressure, anthropometric indexes, and lipid and glycemic profiles were measured. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson's correlation test and Spearman's coefficient, considering significative value (p < 0.05). The shooters had an average of 18.9 years old, most educated and brown. Anthropometric indices indicated a mainly eutrophic population, and normotensive and desirable lipid and glycemic profiles. However, overweight, high blood pressure, and self-declaration of family history for chronic diseases were identified. In addition, most shooters affirmed to ingest alcoholics beverages, to have insufficient time of physical activity, and to be aware of their levels of stress, pressure and anxiety and a few hours of sleep. Overall, the shooters showed good anthropometric and biochemical indicatorsof blood. Risk behavior, such as drinking alcoholic beverages and smoking, low level of physical activity and self-perception of stress, anxiety and pressure were also noted.

Bacterial immunostat: mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids and their role in the host immune response

Abstract: The lipid-rich cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a dynamic structure that is involved in the regulation of the transport of nutrients, toxic host-cell effector molecules, and anti-tuberculosis drugs. It is therefore postulated to contribute to the long-term bacterial survival in an infected human host. Accumulating evidence suggests that M. tuberculosis remodels the lipid composition of the cell wall as an adaptive mechanism against host-imposed stress. Some of these lipid species (trehalose dimycolate, diacylated sulphoglycolipid, and mannan-based lipoglycans) trigger an immunopathologic response, whereas others (phthiocerol dimycocerosate, mycolic acids, sulpholipid-1, and di-and polyacyltrehalose) appear to dampen the immune responses. These lipids appear to be coordinately expressed in the cell wall of M. tuberculosis during different phases of infection, ultimately determining the clinical fate of the infection. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the metabolism, transport, and homeostatic or immunostatic regulation of the cell wall lipids, and their orchestrated interaction with host immune responses that results in bacterial clearance, persistence, or tuberculosis.

Perfil lipídico y circunferencia de cinturas de niños: as y adolescentes con estado nutricional adecuado de laciudad de Salta, Argentina. 2011 / Lipid profile and waist circumference of well-nourished children and adolescents from Salta, Argentina. 2011 / Perfil lipídico e circunferência decinturas de meninos: as e adolescentes com estado nutricional

El ámbito social del niño/a y del adolescente, la publicidad y la oferta en los kioscos, determinan una tendência alimentaria hacia las comidas rápidas. La pregunta es: Aún sin sobrepeso, ¿hay desórdenes bioquímicos? Objetivo: analizar el perfil lipídico y circunferencia de cinturas de niños/as y adolescentes normales que concurrieron al control sano del sistema público de salud. Material- Métodos: Muestra: 476 individuos entre 2-18 años, 56,9% mujeres, 67,8% menores de 10 años. Semidieron: el peso, la talla, la circunferencia de cintura mínima y de la cadera, la glucemia y perfil lipídico. Indicador: IMC c/referencia OMS. Valor límite de la cintura mínima P80 de Taylor y cadera P90 de Fernández. Comparamos con 408 individuos c/obesidad, igual edad, 52,7% mujeres, 42,2% menores de 10 años. Resultados: Promedio ±DS de zIMC: mujeres eutróficas 0,15±0,98, c/obesidad 3,15±0,96. Varones eutróficos 0,46±0,85, c/obesidad 3,43±1,33. El 96,2% del grupo de eutróficos tenían tallas entre -2 y +2 DS. Cintura mínima superior P80: mujeres eutróficas 7,4%, c/obesidad 98,5%. Varones eutróficos 6,3%, c/obesidad 96,3%. Cintura cadera superior P90: mujeres eutróficas 4,5%, c/obesidad 93,9%. Varones eutróficos 2,9%, c/obesidad 94,7%. La población eutrófica de mujeres y varones respectivamente presentó: glucemia alta 0,4% y 0%; triglicéridos elevados 22,3% y 20%; colesterol elevado 34,3% y 21%; HDL-col bajo 27,4% y 24,4%; LDL-col alto 26,6% y 16,1%. La población con obesidad: glucemia alta mujeres 1,4%, varones 1,6%; triglicéridos elevados 53,5% y 56%; colesterol alto 40,9% y 44%; HDL-col bajo 38,6 y 38,9%; LDL-col alto 34 y 31,6%. Conclusión: La población de sujetos eutróficos presentó una alta prevalencia de dislipemia, cercana a la de los sujetos com obesidad.

The social environment, advertising and kiosk offerings influence children and adolescents to make fast food choices. We pose the question: can biochemical disorders appear even without being overweight? Objective: To analyze the lipid profile and waist/hip circumferences of well-nourished children and adolescents who attended the well-child visit of the public health system. Material and methods: The evaluated sample included 476 individuals aged 2-18 years (56.9% girls and 67.8% under 10 years old). Weight, height, minimum waist and hip circumferences were measured. The blood glucose and lipid profile were analyzed. Indicator: BMI according to WHO. Threshold values of Taylor’s p80 of waist circumference and Fernandez’s p90 of hip circumference. The samplewas compared with 408 obese individuals divided by age groups (52.7% girls and 42.2% under 10 years old). Results: Mean ± SD of zBMI: well-nourished girls,0.15±0.98; obese girls, 3.15±0.96; well-nourished boys, 0.46±0.85; obese boys, 3.43±1.33. The heights of the 96.2% of the well-nourished population were between -2 and +2 SD. Minimum waist abov e the p80: well-nourished girls, 7.4%; obese girls, 98.5%; well-nourished boys, 6.3%; obese boys: 96.3%. Waist-hip ratio above the p90: well-nourished girls, 4.5%; obese girls, 93.9%; well-nourished boys, 2.9%; obese boys, 94.7%. Values for well-nourished girls and boys, respectively: hyperglycemia, 0.4% and 0%; high triglycerides, 22.3%and 20%; high cholesterol, 34.3% and 21%; low HDL- chol, 27.4% and 24.4%; high LDL-chol, 26.6% and 16.1%. Values for obese girls and boys, respectively: hyperglycemia, 1.4% and 1.6%; high triglycerides, 53.5% and 56%; high cholesterol, 40.9% and 44%; low HDL-chol, 38.6% and 38.9%; high LDL-chol, 34% and 31.6%.

O meio social do menino/a e do adolescente, a publicidade e a oferta nos quiosques, determinam uma tendência alimentar às comidas rápidas. A pergunta é: Mesmo sem sobrepeso, existem desordens bioquímicas? Objetivo: Analisar o perfil lipídico e a circunferência de cinturas de meninos/as e adolescentes normais que compareceram ao controle saudável do sistema público de saúde. Material - Métodos: Amostra: 476 indivíduos entre 2-18 anos, 56,9% mulheres, 67,8% menores de 10 anos. Foram medidos: o peso, o tamanho, a circunferência de cintura mínima da cadeira, a glicemia e perfil lipídico. Indicador: IMC c/referência OMS. Valor limite da cintura mínima P80 de Taylor e cadeira P90 de Fernández. Comparamos com 408 indivíduos c/obesidade, mesma idade, 52,7% mulheres, 42,2% menores de 10 anos.Resultados: Promédio ±DS de zIMC: mulheres eutróficas 0,15±0,98, c/obesidade 3,15±0,96. Homens eutróficos 0,46±0,85, c/obesidade 3,43±1,33. 96,2% do grupo de eutróficos tinham tamanhos entre -2 y +2 DS. Cintura mínima superior P80: mulheres eutróficas 7,4%, c/obesidade 98,5%. Homens eutróficos 6,3%, c/obesidade 96,3%. Cintura cadeira superior P90: mulheres eutróficas 4,5%, c/obesidade 93,9%. Homens eutróficos 2,9%, c/obesidade 94,7%. A população eutrófica de mulheres e homens respectivamente apresentou: glicemia alta, 0,4% y 0%; triglicérides elevados 22,3% e 20%; colesterol elevado 34,3% y 21%; HDL-col baixo 27,4% e 24,4%; LDL-col alto 26,6% e 16,1%. A população com obesidade: glicemia alta mulheres 1,4%, homens 1,6%; triglicérides elevados 53,5% e 56%; colesterol alto 40,9% e 44%; HDL-col baixo 38,6 e 38,9%; LDL-col alto 34 e 31,6%.

Relação entre aterosclerose subclínica, pressão arterial e perfil lipídico em crianças e adolescentes obesos: uma revisão sistemática / Relationship between subclinical atherosclerosis, blood pressure, and lipid profile in obese children and adolescents: a systematic review

O estudo teve como objetivo revisar sistematicamente a literatura sobre espessamento médio-intimal (EMI), pressão arterial (PA) e perfil lipídico (PL) de crianças e adolescentes obesos e não obesos. A busca foi realizada em bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, Bireme e Elsevier ScienceDirect) entre 2000-2010. Os seguintes descritores, em inglês, foram usados: "obesity", "adolescents", "atherosclerosis" e "child", sendo utilizadas duas combinações: obesity+child+atherosclerosis e obesity+adolescents+atherosclerosis. A busca eletrônica inicial resultou em 3.211 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, 13 artigos foram selecionados. Destes, dois estudos demonstraram correlação significativa entre EMI e as variáveis PA, LDL e triglicerídeos. Nos outros estudos, não houve correlações significativas. Houve grande variabilidade metodológica entre os estudos. No entanto, obesos apresentaram maiores valores de EMI, PA e PL.

The present study aimed to systematically review the literature about intima-media thickness (IMT), blood pressure (BP), and lipid profile (LP) in obese and non-obese children and adolescents. The search was carried out in electronic databases (PubMed, Bireme, and Elsevier ScienceDirect) between 2000-2010. The following keywords, in English, were used: "obesity", "adolescents", "atherosclerosis" and "child", using two combinations: obesity+child+atherosclerosis and obesity+adolescents+atherosclerosis. The electronic search resulted in 3,211 manuscripts. After analysis of the inclusion criteria, 13 papers were selected. Of these, two studies showed significant correlation between IMT and the variables BP, LDL, and triglycerides. In other studies, no significant correlations were found. There is a wide methodological variability across the studies. However, obese children and adolescents had higher values of IMT, BP, and LP.

Nutrición parenteral: macronutrientes, electrolitos y vitaminas / Parenteral nutrition: macronutrients, electrolytes and vitamins

La indicación de la nutrición parenteral (NP) en niños, está sujeta a enfermedades complejas y/o alteraciones estructurales del tracto gastrointestinal. Su acceso venoso puede ser central o periférico. Existen 2 formas de preparación: la mezcla 2 en 1, que comprende los lípidos por separado y la 3 en 1, donde se encuentran todos los nutrimentos mezclados en la misma bolsa. El agua es el componente esencial e indispensable. La glucosa es la principal fuente de energía. Los aminoácidos cristalinos son la fuente de proteínas. Los lípidos contribuyen como fuente concentrada de energía. Los electrolitos, son agregados separadamente a la solución. El requerimiento de vitaminas parenterales aún no se conoce con exactitud.

The indication for parenteral nutrition (PN) in children, is subject to complex conditions and/or structural abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. Its venous Access may be central or peripheral. There are 2 ways to prepare: mix 2 to 1, which includes separate lipids and 3 in 1, where all nutrients are mixed in the same bag. Water is the essential and indispensable. Glucose is the main source of energy. Crystalline amino acids are the source of protein. Lipids contribute as concentrated source of energy. Electrolytes are added separately to the solution. The requirement for parenteral vitamins are not yet understood.

Proteoliposomes as matrix vesicles' biomimetics to study the initiation of skeletal mineralization

During the process of endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts mineralize their extracellular matrix by promoting the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) seed crystals in the sheltered interior of membrane-limited matrix vesicles (MVs). Ion transporters control the availability of phosphate and calcium needed for HA deposition. The lipidic microenvironment in which MV-associated enzymes and transporters function plays a crucial physiological role and must be taken into account when attempting to elucidate their interplay during the initiation of biomineralization. In this short mini-review, we discuss the potential use of proteoliposome systems as chondrocyte- and osteoblast-derived MVs biomimetics, as a means of reconstituting a phospholipid microenvironment in a manner that recapitulates the native functional MV microenvironment. Such a system can be used to elucidate the interplay of MV enzymes during catalysis of biomineralization substrates and in modulating in vitro calcification. As such, the enzymatic defects associated with disease-causing mutations in MV enzymes could be studied in an artificial vesicular environment that better mimics their in vivo biological milieu. These artificial systems could also be used for the screening of small molecule compounds able to modulate the activity of MV enzymes for potential therapeutic uses. Such a nanovesicular system could also prove useful for the repair/treatment of craniofacial and other skeletal defects and to facilitate the mineralization of titanium-based tooth implants.

Metabolic programming of lipid profile and reproductive organs weight by leptin treatment on early life / Programação metabólica do perfil lipídico e peso dos órgãos do sistema reprodutor pelo tratamento com leptina nos primeiros dias de vida

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the neonatal leptin treatment during the first days of life can program the male reproductive organs weight and the lipid profile. METHODS: At birth 6 dams were divided into 2 groups: Leptin - each pup was injected with 50μL of recombinant rat leptin (80ng/g BW, sc), for the first 10 d of lactation; Control - each pup received the same volume of saline. After weaning, all pups received unlimited access to food until 190 days of age when they were killed. Values are given as mean ± SEM of 6 animals and Test t Student was used to analyze the results. RESULTS: The leptin treatment resulted in a significant increase in body weight (Control= 411.8±16.31; Leptin= 481.8±11.29, p=0.005) and food consumption (Control= 25.32±0.09; Leptin= 32.42±0.15, p=0.0001) and a significant reduction in triglycerides levels (Control= 540.0±117.9; Leptin= 93.25±15.21, p=0.006) and in the weight of hypothalamus (Control= 0.234±0.016; Leptin= 0.154±0.015, p=0.007), pituitary (Control= 0.104±0.0120; Leptin= 0.033±0.012, p=0.003), testis (Control= 3.75±0.055; Leptin= 3.19±0.10, p=0.002) and prostate (Control=1.641±0.1389; Leptin= 0.91±0.07, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Leptin treatment on the first days of life can program the reproductive organs weight and the lipid profile of the progeny.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o tratamento neonatal com leptina durante os primeiros dias de vida poderia programar o peso dos orgãos do sistema reprodutor masculino e o perfil lipídico. MÉTODOS: Ao nascimento seis ratas-mãe foram distribuídas em dois grupos: Leptina - cada filhote recebeu 50μL de leptina recombinante (80ng/gPC, SC) nos primeiros 10 dias de lactação; Controle - cada filhote recebeu o mesmo volume de salina. Após o desmame, todos os filhotes tiveram acesso ilimitado a ração até 190 dias de idade quando foram mortos. Os dados são expressos como média ± erro padrão e foram analisados pelo teste t Student. RESULTADOS: O tratamento com leptina resultou em aumento significativo no peso corporal (Control= 411.8±16.31; Leptin= 481.8±11.29, p=0.005) e consumo alimentar (Control= 25.32±0.09; Leptin= 32.42±0.15, p=0.0001) e redução significativa nos níveis séricos de triglicerídeos (Control= 540.0±117.9; Leptin= 93.25±15.21, p=0.006), no peso do hipotálamo (Control= 0.234±0.016; Leptin= 0.154±0.015, p=0.007), hipófise (Control= 0.104±0.0120; Leptin= 0.033±0.012, p=0.003), testículo (Control= 3.75±0.055; Leptin= 3.19±0.10, p=0.002) e próstata (Control=1.641±0.1389; Leptin= 0.91±0.07, p=0.001). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com leptina nos primeiros dias de vida pode programar o peso dos órgãos do sistema reprodutor e o perfil lipídico da prole.

Programa de exercícios físicos domiciliares na modificação do peso corporal e fatores metabólicos em mulheres não obesas / Home exercise program on change in body weight and metabolic factors in non-obese women

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a efetividade de um programa de exercício físico domiciliar combinado à pequena restrição energética sobre a modificação do peso corporal em mulheres não obesas acompanhadas durante 12 meses. Além disso, foi avaliado o efeito da resistência insulínica (RI) na linha de base na modulação da perda de peso. Trata-se de ensaio clínico randomizado, com desenho fatorial, conduzido entre 2003 e 2005. Duzentas e três mulheres, com idade entre 25 e 45 anos, foram alocadas randomicamente para intervenção com exercícios físicos [grupo controle (CG) ou exercício domiciliar (ED)] e dieta [baixo índice glicêmico (BIG) ou alto índice glicêmico (AIG)]. O grupo ED recebeu uma cartilha com exercícios aeróbios que pudessem ser realizados em casa, durante três vezes por semana, 40 minutos por sessão, com intensidade moderada. A intervenção dietética foi baseada em pequeno déficit energético diário (100-300) kcal com distribuição equilibrada de macronutrientes. A variação do índice glicêmico baseou-se em diferença de 40 unidades entre AIG e BIG para cada refeição, utilizando o pão branco como alimento padrão. Em relação à intervenção com exercícios, o grupo ED encontrou maior redução do peso corporal nos seis primeiros meses (-1,4 vs. -0,8 kg; p=0,04) sem diferença após 12 meses (-1,1 vs. -1,0 kg; p=0,20). Foi observado maior aumento do HDL colesterol para ED (18,3 vs. 9,5 mg/dl; p<0,01) ao final do estudo. Não foram encontradas diferenças na linha de base entre os grupos não RI (n=121) e RI (n=64) para IMC (26,7 vs. 26,3 p=0,21), exceto para circunferência de cintura, glicose, insulina e HOMA-IR, em que o grupo não IR apresentou menores valores. As mulheres classificadas como RI apresentaram maior perda de peso após 12 meses de acompanhamento quando comparadas com as não RI (-1,6 vs. -1,1 kg; p=0,01). O grupo ED apresentou maior redução do peso corporal apenas entre as mulheres não RI (-1,5 vs. -0,7 kg; p=0,04). A dieta AIG promoveu...

The study investigated the effectiveness of home-based exercise combined with a slight caloric restriction on weight change during 12 months in non-obese women. In addition, the effects of baseline insulin resistance (IR) on modulation of weight change were evaluated. Data was from a randomized clinical trial with a factorial design that was conducted from 2003 to 2005. Two hundred three middle-aged women, 25-45 years, were randomly assigned to exercise [control (CG) or home-based (HB)] and diet intervention [low glycemic index (LGI) or high glycemic index (HGI)]. The HB group received a booklet on aerobic exercise that could be practiced at home (3 times/week - 40 min/session), in low-moderate intensity, during 12 months. Monthly dietary counseling was based on a small energy restriction (100-300 kcal per day), with 26-28% of energy as fat. For each diet meal there was an average difference of 40 units of GI compared to the HGI diet based on published GI values, using white bread as the standard GI of 100%. The HB experienced a greater weight loss in the first 6 months (-1.4 vs. -0.8 kg; p=0.04), but after 12 months there was no differences between groups (-1.1 vs. -1.0; p=0.20). Of the serum biochemical markers, HDL-cholesterol showed major change, with an increase at month 12 of 18.3 mg/dl in the HB compared to 9.5 in the CG (p<0.01). At baseline the non-IR group (n=121) compared to IR (n=64) had similar values of BMI (26.7 vs. 26.3 p=0.21), but statistically significant lower values of waist, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, as expected. Women classified as IR at baseline had greater weight loss after 12 months of follow-up (-1.6 kg vs. -1.1 kg; p=0.01) independently of the intervention. The HB exercise helped to reduce weight only among NIR women (-1.5 vs. -0.7; p=0.04) and no differences were observed between intervention groups for IR women (-1.5 vs. -1.7; p=0.24). During follow-up, changes were more pronounced among those women in the HGI diet...

Programação neonatal do perfil lipídico em ratos e ovelhas / Neonatal programming to lipids profile in rats and sheeps

A nutrição na lactação é um importante fator de impressão para futuras alterações hormonais e metabólicas no desenvolvimento, que vai regular a composição corporal, a homeostase glicêmica e o perfil hormonal dos animais, caracterizando o processo de programação. Nesta etapa crítica da vida, a desnutrição ou o excesso de nutrientes modificam a secreção e ação de vários hormônios, especialmente a prolactina, leptina e hormônios tireóideos. Apesar dos diversos estudos epidemiológicos mostrando que o perfil lipídico pode ser programado por alterações nutricionais na gestação e lactação, contribuindo para maior risco de doenças cardiovasculares, poucos estudos exerimentais foram realizados. Assim, avaliamos a programação do perfil lipídico em diversos modelos de impressão nutricional e hormonal em ratos e ovelhas, relacionando a programação da massa e composição corporal e homeostase glicêmica. Estudamos seis modelos de programação, a saber: a) desnutrição protéica materna na lactação (dieta com 8 porcento de proteína); b) bloqueio da prolactina no fim da lactação, com o uso de bromocriptina; c) supernutrição na lactação por redução da ninhada (3 vs. 10 filhotes); d) injeção de leptina aos filhotes (8ug/100g peso corporal/dia, nos dez primeiros dias de lactação); e) exposição materna à nicotina (6 mg/kg de massa corporal/dia) na lactação; f) desnutrição protéica e calórica materna de ovelhas na lactação. Os ratos programados pela restrição protéica materna ganham menos massa corporal, menos gordura total e visceral, apresentam menor glicemia e insulinemia e a única alteração programada no perfil lipídico foi a menor concentração sérica de colesterol total (16 porcento). Os ratos cuja prolactina materna foi bloqueada ganharam mais massa corporal, maior gordura total e visceral, apresentaram maior índice de resistência à insulina e menor adiponectinemia, que se refletiu em um perfil lipídico bastante alterado, com elevação do colesterol total (30 porcento)...

Nutritional status on lactation is an important imprinting factor for future hormonal and metabolic changes during development, regulating body composition, glucose homeostasis and hormonal profile in animals, characterizing the programming effect. In this critical period of life, malnutrition or overnutrition changes the secretion and action of several hormones, such as prolactin, leptin and thyroid hormones. Although several epidemiologic studies confirm the programming effect upon the lipids profile in humans, caused by nutritional imprinting during gestation of lactation that can contribute to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, few experimental data was reported. Thus, our main objective was to study the lipid profile in several models of nutritional and hormonal imprinting in rats and ovine, related to the programming of body mass and composition and glucose homeostasis. We studied 6 models of programming: a) maternal protein malnutrition (8 percent protein); b) prolactin blockade at the end of lactation by bromocriptine c) early overnutrition on lactation by litter size reduction (3 vs. 10 pups); d) leptin injection to the pups (8 ug/100g body weight/day, for the first 10 days of lactation); e) maternal nicotine administration (6mg/Kg body mass/day) during lactation; f) ewes maternal protein (8 percent) or energie (60 percent) restriction during lactation. The programmed offspring whose mother were protein-restricted during lactation gain less body mass, and when they were 180 days-old, showed lower total and visceral fat mass, lower serum glucose and insulin and lower total cholesterol (-16 percent). The prolactin blockadge programmed for higher body mass, total and visceral fat mass, higher insulin resistance index and lower serum adiponectin, these effects were associated to several changes in the lipid profile, such as higher total cholesterol (30 percent), LDL-c (1,5X), VDLc (46 percent), triglycerides (49 percent) and lower HDLc...

Influência do exercício físico no perfil lipídico e estresse oxidativo / Influence of the physical exercise on the lipid profile and oxidative stress

O perfil lipídico e a formação de radicais livres são influenciados por vários fatores tais como sedentarismo, obesidade, tabagismo, diabetes e características genéticas, entre outros. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir aspectos sobre o possível efeito preventivo do exercício físico no perfil lipídico e no estresse oxidativo. Nas últimas três, décadas inúmeros estudos foram realizados relacionando níveis de lipoproteínas plasmáticas, estresse oxidativo e exercícios na prevenção de doenças como aterosclerose, sendo controversas as opiniões sobre o tipo e a intensidade da atividade física.

Lipid profile and free radicals formation are influenced by many factors such as sedentary, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and genetic characteristics, among others. This paper aimed to discuss the aspects about the potential preventive effect of physical exercise in lipid profile and oxidative stress. In the last three decades a number of papers have been written reporting plasmatic lipoprotein levels, oxidative stress, and exercises to prevent diseases such as atherosclerosis. The opinions related to the type and the intensity of the physical activity is controversial.

Lipid profile and body composition of HIV-1 infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been associated with the development of a clinical group and metabolic disorders such as peripheral lipodystrophy syndrome in AIDS. The aim of this study was to analyse the lipid profile, the clinical aspects, and the body composition of HIV-1 infected individuals treated with or without protease inhibitor (PI) during the highly active antiretroviral therapy. In total, 62 individuals were evaluated in this study; 15 healthy individuals (Control Group; CG), 11 HIV-1 infected individuals treated without antiretroviral therapy (Group 1: G1), 14 HIV-1 infected individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy plus protease inhibitor (Group 2: G2), and 11 HIV-1 infected individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy without protease inhibitor (Group 3: G3), mean age 35 years old. The time interval for G2 and G3 was greater than or equal to nine months. Patients receiving HAART with PI had significantly lower viral loads, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL levels (p<0.05). There were no differences between groups in relation to the lean body mass percentage obtained by mid-arm muscle circumference adequacy or by bioelectrical impedance. The lower percentage of body fat observed in all the HIV-1 infected patients by antropometric assessment and the decreased tricipital skinfold adequacy in the group treated with PI in relation to CG may suggest lipodystrophy in the upper limbs, especially on those treated with PI

Dislipidemias e a promoção da atividade física: uma revisão na perspectiva de mensagens de inclusão / Dislipidemia and physical activity: a review inclusive message perspective

As alterações no metabolismo dos lipídeos são uma das conseqüências negativas mais importantes do sedentarismo. O propósito deste artigo é rever os estudos mais significantes que analisaram a relação entre atividade/inatividade física no perfil lipídico. Considerando a ineficácia das intervenções anteriores que procuraram usar atividade física na prevenção e tratamento, especial atenção foi dedicada à informação científica que levou em conta práticas modernas, particularmente as que permitam uma maior aderência, essencial em programas de saúde pública. A revisão presente aborda as causas e os efeitos deletérios do sedentarismo na mobilização de lipídeos, o papel da atividade física moderada e acumulada, a eficácia de propostas de estilo de vida ativo, comparação de efeitos entre programas de condicionamento (fitness) com os estilo de vida (atividade física), as recomendações preventivas e terapêuticas, assim como recentes aspectos da relação entre dislipidemias e declínio na função cognitiva. Os estudos aqui sumarizados apontam que programas de atividade física são fundamentais na prevenção e no tratamento das dislipidemias, sendo que as evidências científicas do impacto positivo dos protocolos inclusivos de atividade física, que enfatizam as vantagens da intensidade moderada e da forma acumulada, podem em muito beneficiar a adesão e manutenção de pessoas em padrões regulares de atividade.

Changes in lipides metabolism has been one of the utmost negative consequences of sedentariness. The purpose of this paper was to review the most significant studies that have analyzed the relationship of physical activity/inactivity and lipids profiling. Considering the ineffective impact of former interventions in promoting physical activity as prevention or treatment tool, special attention was dedicated to the scientific information that took into account modern practices, particularly the ones which permitted a higher long term adherence, essential for public health programs. Present review comprised the harmful effects of sedentarism, the role of moderate physical activity, the role of accumulation approach, the effectiveness of active life style, comparing fitness to active living programs, the recommendations for prevention and treatment; and recent issues on the relationship between dislipidemias and declining in cognitive function. Summary of the review articles confirms that physical activity programs are fundamental in dislipidemia prevention and treatment. Scientific evidences showed the positive impact of inclusive physical activity protocols, particularly when emphasizing the advantages of moderate intensity and accumulated mode, increasing adherence and sustained physical activity.

Efecto de la terapia estrogenica y combinada estrogeno-progestacional sobre el perfil lipidico en pacientes con suplencia para sindrome climaterico / Effects of estrogen therapy and estrogen-progestogen combined therapy on lipid profile

A lo largo del presente siglo se han apreciado las complicaciones de la menopausia a largo plazo, especialmente en los sistemas óseo y cardiovascular. Se estudió un grupo de 289 mujeres postmenopáusicas sometidas a terapia de reemplazo hormonal en la Unidad de Endocrinología Ginecológica y Medicina Reproductiva del Hospital Infantil "Lorencita Villegas de Santos". La edad promedio de la menopausia fue 48 ñ 4 años. El seguimiento en promedio fue de 44 meses, con un rango de 12 a 1 37 meses. Se estudió la diferencia en el perfil lipídico entre dos grupos de pacientes, el primero con terapia combinada estrógeno progestacional y el segundo con sólo estrógenos. Se observó disminución de las cifras de colesterol total y lipoproteínas de baja densidad, mientras que aumentaron los niveles de lipoproteínas de alta densidad. En el grupo de terapia única hubo aumento progresivo de los triglicéridos sin llegar al límite de riesgo cardiovascular. Se concluye que con referencia al perfil lipídico la terapia combinada no altera el efecto benéfico cardioprotector brindado por los estrógenos y que los beneficios de la terapia de suplencia sobrepasan los potenciales riesgos

Hiperlipoproteinemias / Hyperlipotreinemias

Los lípidos al ser insolubles en soluciones acuosas no pueden circular libremente en el plasma, por estarazón los trigliceridos y los éteres de colesterol se asocian con fosfolípidos y colesterol libre y con proteinas específicas, para constituir las lipoproteinas, cuya función es empaquetar los lípidos insolubles en el plasma con el fin de transportarlos desde el intestino y el hígado a los tejidos periféricos y, desde éstos, devolver el colesterol al hígado para su eleiminación del organismo en forma de ácidos biliares. Estos se clasifican en: a) Quilomicrones contienen triglicéridos; b) VLDL (Lipoproteinas de densidad muy baja), contienen principalmente triglecéridos, pero tienen cantidades significativas de colesterol y esteres de colesterol. c) IDL de densidad intermedia. d) LDL (lipoproteina de baja densidad que contiene principalmente colesterol, esteres y proteínas. e) Lipoproteina a (Lp(a) resulta de la asociación de un LDL con apolipoproteina a. f) HDL (lipoproteina alta densidad) con sus fracciones HDL2 y HDL3 se sintetiza en el hígado e intestino, está asociado inversamente con enfermedades coronarias, probablemente por su efecto antioxidante. Apolipoproteinas. Estas desempeñan un importante papel en el metabolismo de las lipoproteinas, intervienen en la estructura de la lipoproteina y tambien enle metabolismo de las particulas lipoproteicas. Se han identificado más de diez apolipoproteinas distintas, e cada lipoproteina hay una o más apolipoproteinas. Hiperlipoproteinemias. Las alteraciones en el metabolismo delas lipoproteinas plasmaticas, o sea un aumento de las concentraciones séricas de colesterol o triglecéridos, constituyen uno de los problemas clinicos más frecuentes del médico ensu práctica diaria. Estas alteraciones pueden originarse por alguna anomalia genética primaria o por influencias ambientales consecutivas a otras alteraciones, o por cualquier combinación de estos factores. Clasificación. Se las clasifica como primarias , a las alteraciones con base genética y como secundarias a aquellas en las que existen otra patologia que desencadenan este cuadro. la separación entre las formas primarias y secndarias no siempre es fácil, puesto que las alteraciones bioquimicas son similares. Diagnostico Medición de trigleceridos y colesterol serios, tambien se debe evaluar los niveles de VLDL, LDL y HDL, medición de HDL colesterol para poder calcular LDL colesterol. Localizar xantomas

Perfil lipíco neonatal vs. perfil lipídico placentario

El presente trabajo fue realizado en las salas de parto del Hospital de Caldas en Manizales y se determinó si al momento de realizar exámenes de laboratorio que tengan que ver con los lípidos de cordón umbilical, puede hacerse la punción del lado neonatal o del lado placentario indistintamente. Se tomaron muestras de sangre mediante punción (3 ml) para determinar el perfil lipídico en 56 nacimientos espóntaneos normales, tanto del lado placentario, como del lado neonataldel cordón umbilical para realizar la comparación utilizando una prueba t de student. La determinación del perfil lipídico se realizó mediante el método enzimático-colorimétrico. Encontramos diferencia altamente significativa (p<0.01) al analizar los niveles de triglicéridos de ambos lados y altamente significativa (p<0.01) al comparar Colesterol VLDL. Por tal motivo recomendamos para hacer la determinación del perfil lipídico al momento de nacer, tomar la muestra del lado neonatal después de pinzado el cordón umbilical

Influence of fowl uropygial gland and its secretory lipid components on growth of skin surface bacteria of fowl.

Bacterial species, which occur on the breast skin surface of adult (1 year old) white leghorn fowl with intact uropygial gland, were identified as : Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sarcina lutea, Streptomyces sp. and a facultative diphtheroid belonging to the genus Corynebacterium; S. epidermidis being the most predominant one. Two species of bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus sp. were shown to colonize the skin surface after 60 days of captivity. Extirpation of uropygial gland caused severe depletion of population of S. epidermidis, Streptomyces sp. and diphtheroid. The effect was more conspicuous after 60 days compared to that after 30 days of the gland removal. On the skin surface of glandless fowls the population of S. aureus increased significantly and a new form identified as anthracoid bacillus became the most predominant species after 60 days. Addition of total lipids from the free-flowing fowl uropygial secretion, as 0.2% suspension, to trypticase soya broth cultures of individual bacteria of fowl skin surface encouraged strongly the growth of S. epidermidis, Streptomyces sp. and Proteus sp. but suppressed the population of the anthracoid. When identical amount of diester wax or wax alcohol of the secretion was supplemented to the culture, more or less similar result was obtained. Wax alcohol also had a mild inhibitory effect on Streptomyces sp. Wax acids, added to the culture (0.2%) suppressed population of all the bacterial forms except Proteus sp., while the hydrocarbon fraction, which also contained some amount of squalene, produce an opposite effect.